Rabu, 31 Mei 2017
3. Subject Verb Agreement
Subject-verb agreement adalah persesuaian
antara verb dengan subject dalam hal number,
yaitu: singular (tunggal) atau plural (jamak). Subjek
dapat berupa noun, pronoun, atau konstruksi lain yang
berakting sebagai noun, seperti gerund dan infinitive. Pada
dasarnya, singular subject (subjek tunggal) menggunakan singular
verb (kata kerja tunggal), sedangkan plural subject (subjek
jamak) menggunakan plural verb (kata kerja jamak).
Simple present tense adalah tenses atau pola kalimat
yang digunakan untuk menceritakan waktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana. Dapat
diartikan juga Simple Present Tense itu adalah bentuk tenses yang terjadi dalam
kebiasaan sehari-hari, tidak selalu berkaitan dengan waktu, dan mengekspresikan
kebenaran yang umum. Dalam present tense ada singular dan plural. Cara
penggunaannya adalah sebagai berikut :
Singular ----> She/He/It menggunakan Verb ies/es/s
Singular ----> She/He/It menggunakan Verb ies/es/s
Plural ----> They/We/I/You menggunakan
verb 1
Contoh :
She goes to school ---> Singular
karena ada kata she dan verb dari kata go menggunakan tambahan kata es
They play basketball ----> Plural
karena ada kata they dan play nya menggunakan verb 1
"One,
each, dan every"
"One, each, dan every" selalu diikuti dengan kata
benda tunggal yang dapat dihitung (singular countable nouns). Dan
tidak pernah diikuti oleh kata benda
jamak ataupun kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable nouns).
Perhatikan
contoh penggunaan "one, each, dan every" pada kalimat di bawah ini:
One student was
late to class. (Artinya: Satu siswa terlambat datang ke kelas)
Each student
has a schedule. (Artinya: Setiap siswa mempunyai jadwal)
Every student
has a schedule. (Artinya: Tiap-tiap siswa mempunyai jadwal)
PENTING:
Every one (dieja dalam
dua kata) adalah sebuah ekspresi untuk kuantitas (expression of quantity). Contohnya:
I have read every one of those books.
(Artinya: saya
sudah membaca tiap-tiap dari buku-buku itu)
Everyone (dieja dalam
satu kata) merupakan indefinite
pronoun, kata ini memiliki arti seperti everybody. Contohnya:
Everyone/ everybody has a schedule.
(Artinya:
Setiap orang mempunyai jadwal)
CATATAN:
Each dan every secara dasar
memiliki makna yang sama. Hanya saja:
Each digunakan
ketika kita sedang memikirkan suatu orang/ benda pada waktu itu. Contohnya:
Each student
has a schedule = Tina has a schedule, Brian has a schedule, Bent has a
schedule, etc.
Every digunakan
ketika kita bermaksud untuk mengekspresikan semuanya (all). Contohnya:
Every student
has a schedule = All of the students have schedule.
Gerund Phrases
Gerund phrases adalah frase yang terdiri dari
gerund ditambah dengan objek dan/atau modifier. Seperti halnya gerund,
gerund phrase juga berperan sebagai nomina dalam kalimat.
Contoh :
- Your singing is very beautiful.
- Reading in the dark room is not good.
Some of, A lot of, Half of, None of,
Most of
Pada suatu kalimat jika singular noun maka verbnya singular. Begitu juga bila plural noun maka verbnya plural.
Contoh :
Pada suatu kalimat jika singular noun maka verbnya singular. Begitu juga bila plural noun maka verbnya plural.
Contoh :
- Some of car in the show room is luxury.
- None of this money is mine.
Each of, One of, Every one of pada suatu kalimat diikuti plural
noun, dan verb harus singular.
Contoh :
Contoh :
- Each of people is not same.
- One of my friends is beautiful.
The number of plural =
Jumlah -----> Singular Verb
A number of plural = Sejumlah -----> Plural Verb
Contoh :
A number of plural = Sejumlah -----> Plural Verb
Contoh :
- The number of plants in each plot was 25.
- A number of people are dancing on the stage.
·
Subject-verb agreement is a match
between verb and subject in terms of number, namely: singular (singular) or
plural (plural). Subjects can be noun, pronoun, or other constructs acting as
nouns, such as gerund and infinitive. Basically, singular subjects use singular
verbs, while plural subjects use plural verbs.
Simple present tense is a tense or sentence pattern used to tell the present time in simple form. Can also be interpreted Simple Present Tense is a form of tenses that occur in daily habits, not always related to the time, and express the general truth. In present tense there is singular and plural. How to use is as follows:
Singular ----> She / He / It uses Verb ies / es / s
Plural ----> They / We / I / You use verb 1
Example:
She goes to school ---> Singular because there is a word she and verb of the word go using an additional word of ice
They play basketball ----> Plural because there is a word they and play it using verb 1
"One, each, and every"
"One, each, and every" is always followed by a singular countable nouns. And never followed by plural nouns or uncountable nouns.
Consider the example of using "one, each, and every" in the sentence below:
One student was late to class. (Meaning: One student arrives late to class)
Each student has a schedule. (Meaning: Every student has a schedule)
Every student has a schedule. (Meaning: Each student has a schedule)
IMPORTANT:
Every one (spelled in two words) is an expression of quantity. Example:
I have read every one of those books.
(Meaning: I've read every one of those books)
Everyone (pronounced in one word) is indefinite pronoun, this word has the meaning like everybody. Example:
Everyone / everybody has a schedule.
(Meaning: Everyone has a schedule)
NOTE:
Each and every basically has the same meaning. It is just:
Each is used when we are thinking of a person / object at that time. Example:
Each student has a schedule = Tina has a schedule, Brian has a schedule, Bent has a schedule, etc.
Every is used when we intend to express everything (all). Example:
Every student has a schedule = All of the students have schedule.
Gerund Phrases
Gerund phrases are phrases composed of gerund plus objects and / or modifiers. Like gerund, gerund phrase also acts as a noun in a sentence.
In making the sentence when Subject Gerund (Verb ing) then the verb must be singular.
Example:
• Your singing is very beautiful.
• Reading in the dark room is not good.
Some of, A lot of, Half of, None of, Most of
In a sentence if the singular noun then verbnya singular. So also if plural noun then plural verb.
Example:
• Some of the car in the show room is luxury.
• None of this money is mine.
Each of, One of, Every one of a sentence followed by plural noun, and verb must be singular.
Example:
-Each of the people is not the same.
-One of my friends is beautiful.
The number of plural = Number -----> Singular Verb
A number of plural = A number of -----> Plural Verbs
Example:
-The number of plants in each plot was 25.
-A number of people are dancing on the stage.
Simple present tense is a tense or sentence pattern used to tell the present time in simple form. Can also be interpreted Simple Present Tense is a form of tenses that occur in daily habits, not always related to the time, and express the general truth. In present tense there is singular and plural. How to use is as follows:
Singular ----> She / He / It uses Verb ies / es / s
Plural ----> They / We / I / You use verb 1
Example:
She goes to school ---> Singular because there is a word she and verb of the word go using an additional word of ice
They play basketball ----> Plural because there is a word they and play it using verb 1
"One, each, and every"
"One, each, and every" is always followed by a singular countable nouns. And never followed by plural nouns or uncountable nouns.
Consider the example of using "one, each, and every" in the sentence below:
One student was late to class. (Meaning: One student arrives late to class)
Each student has a schedule. (Meaning: Every student has a schedule)
Every student has a schedule. (Meaning: Each student has a schedule)
IMPORTANT:
Every one (spelled in two words) is an expression of quantity. Example:
I have read every one of those books.
(Meaning: I've read every one of those books)
Everyone (pronounced in one word) is indefinite pronoun, this word has the meaning like everybody. Example:
Everyone / everybody has a schedule.
(Meaning: Everyone has a schedule)
NOTE:
Each and every basically has the same meaning. It is just:
Each is used when we are thinking of a person / object at that time. Example:
Each student has a schedule = Tina has a schedule, Brian has a schedule, Bent has a schedule, etc.
Every is used when we intend to express everything (all). Example:
Every student has a schedule = All of the students have schedule.
Gerund Phrases
Gerund phrases are phrases composed of gerund plus objects and / or modifiers. Like gerund, gerund phrase also acts as a noun in a sentence.
In making the sentence when Subject Gerund (Verb ing) then the verb must be singular.
Example:
• Your singing is very beautiful.
• Reading in the dark room is not good.
Some of, A lot of, Half of, None of, Most of
In a sentence if the singular noun then verbnya singular. So also if plural noun then plural verb.
Example:
• Some of the car in the show room is luxury.
• None of this money is mine.
Each of, One of, Every one of a sentence followed by plural noun, and verb must be singular.
Example:
-Each of the people is not the same.
-One of my friends is beautiful.
The number of plural = Number -----> Singular Verb
A number of plural = A number of -----> Plural Verbs
Example:
-The number of plants in each plot was 25.
-A number of people are dancing on the stage.
2.
Verb Phrases & Tenses
Verb
Phrases
Phrase is a meaningful word and
patterned modifier + head (not patterned subject + Verb), so what if a series
of words that are not meaningful not necessarily be used as a phrase.
The modifier (M) is either an explanation or explaining while Head (H) is the word core or described.
The modifier (M) is either an explanation or explaining while Head (H) is the word core or described.
The Kinds Of Phrase
There are 5 forms of phrase that we can know that is Noun Phrase, Adjective phrase, Adverb phrase, prespositional phrase and Verb phrase which as a benchmark phrase name always taken from the type of word head it.
1. Noun Phrase
Noun phrase is a phrase whose head is a noun (noun) with the pattern:
M + H / M + H
Adj Noun Noun Noun
Example Noun phrase:
Luxurius house
(Adj + Noun)
Costly Car
(Adj + Noun)
Flower Shop
(Noun + Noun)
Traffic Jam
(Noun + Noun)
2. Adjective Phrase
Adjective Phrase is a Phrase whose head is Adjective with the pattern:
M + H / M + H
Adv Adj Adj enough
Kinds:
Modifier (Averb of Dgree): So, Very, Etremly, Pretty, Quite, Fairly, Rather, Almost, Too, adequately, enough, etc
Head (Adjective): Costly, exvensive, cheap, huge, enormous, small, melodic, luxurious, etc
Eg. Extremely luxirious
Rather Costly
Cheap Enough
Adequately huge
Note:
If there is a series of adj phrases located before noun, then the adj phrase will dipfungksikan as Adjective / modifier
AP = Adjective
ex. : Extremely luxurious house
Adv + Adj + Noun
Adj Phrase + Noun
M + H
3. Adverb Phrase
Adverb phrase is a head phrase adverb (adverb) with the pattern:
M + H / H + M
Adv Adv enough
The Kids:
Modifier: Extremely, fairly, too, enough ... etc. (Adv of Dgree)
Head: Hord, fast, express, well, late, Early .. (Adv of manner)
Pattern: Melodiously, slowly, carefully, carelessly, etc
Adj + ly
Note: Noun + ly = Adjective
Frendly, costly Daily
4. Prepositional Phrase
Prepositonal phrase is a phrase whose head is "prepositional" (Front)
Pattern:
H + M
Prep Object of prep
Object of prep:
Noun
Noun phrase
Pronoun
Gerund (V-ing as noun)
Noun clause
Example Prepositional Phrase:
In learning
In = H / Prep
Learning = M / Gerund
Becaus of you
Behind shool
With a beautiful lady
5. Verb Phrase
Verb phrase is a phrase whose head is ordinary (main work)
Pattern:
M + H + M
V-aux V-ord obj / Adv
- Verb phrases modifier
- Auxiliary
- Objectif
- Adverb
Example verb phrase:
A boy helped and old lady
Are sleeping in the class
There are 5 forms of phrase that we can know that is Noun Phrase, Adjective phrase, Adverb phrase, prespositional phrase and Verb phrase which as a benchmark phrase name always taken from the type of word head it.
1. Noun Phrase
Noun phrase is a phrase whose head is a noun (noun) with the pattern:
M + H / M + H
Adj Noun Noun Noun
Example Noun phrase:
Luxurius house
(Adj + Noun)
Costly Car
(Adj + Noun)
Flower Shop
(Noun + Noun)
Traffic Jam
(Noun + Noun)
2. Adjective Phrase
Adjective Phrase is a Phrase whose head is Adjective with the pattern:
M + H / M + H
Adv Adj Adj enough
Kinds:
Modifier (Averb of Dgree): So, Very, Etremly, Pretty, Quite, Fairly, Rather, Almost, Too, adequately, enough, etc
Head (Adjective): Costly, exvensive, cheap, huge, enormous, small, melodic, luxurious, etc
Eg. Extremely luxirious
Rather Costly
Cheap Enough
Adequately huge
Note:
If there is a series of adj phrases located before noun, then the adj phrase will dipfungksikan as Adjective / modifier
AP = Adjective
ex. : Extremely luxurious house
Adv + Adj + Noun
Adj Phrase + Noun
M + H
3. Adverb Phrase
Adverb phrase is a head phrase adverb (adverb) with the pattern:
M + H / H + M
Adv Adv enough
The Kids:
Modifier: Extremely, fairly, too, enough ... etc. (Adv of Dgree)
Head: Hord, fast, express, well, late, Early .. (Adv of manner)
Pattern: Melodiously, slowly, carefully, carelessly, etc
Adj + ly
Note: Noun + ly = Adjective
Frendly, costly Daily
4. Prepositional Phrase
Prepositonal phrase is a phrase whose head is "prepositional" (Front)
Pattern:
H + M
Prep Object of prep
Object of prep:
Noun
Noun phrase
Pronoun
Gerund (V-ing as noun)
Noun clause
Example Prepositional Phrase:
In learning
In = H / Prep
Learning = M / Gerund
Becaus of you
Behind shool
With a beautiful lady
5. Verb Phrase
Verb phrase is a phrase whose head is ordinary (main work)
Pattern:
M + H + M
V-aux V-ord obj / Adv
- Verb phrases modifier
- Auxiliary
- Objectif
- Adverb
Example verb phrase:
A boy helped and old lady
Are sleeping in the class
Selasa, 30 Mei 2017
1.
Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier
Subject
Subject is about what or who is spoken in a sentence or clause. The subject can be people, animals, objects, and abstract concepts.
Subject is about what or who is spoken in a sentence or clause. The subject can be people, animals, objects, and abstract concepts.
Each complete subject is basically constructed by
one or more nouns or pronouns with / without the addition of modifier (s) which
can be article (the, an, an), adjective, and prepositional phrase. The gerund
and infinitive can also occupy the subject position.
Example:
- His new car tax has already been paid by his assistant.
- Widhy and I were eating our dinner on the kitchen table.
- The very large gunadarma university in depok city was built in 1981.
Example:
- His new car tax has already been paid by his assistant.
- Widhy and I were eating our dinner on the kitchen table.
- The very large gunadarma university in depok city was built in 1981.
Simple Subject and
Simple Predicate
Simple subject is a single noun or pronoun, to the exclusion of its modifier (s). While simple predicate form of verb or compound verb single.
Example Sentence Simple Subject Simple Predicate Description
His new car tax has already been paid by his assistant.
(The new car tax he has paid for by his assistant.) Tax has been paid his new car = (pre) modifier
By his assistant = prepositional phrase
(The country's very large boarding university was built in 1981.) University was built the very big boarding = (pre) modifier;
In this country = (post) modifier;
In 1981 = prepositional phrase
Open the door!
(Open the door!) "You" open In the imperative sentence, the subject is not written because it is considered to be sufficiently understood;
Door = direct object
His Uncle Cal will not arrive on time.
(Uncle Cal will not arrive on time.) Uncle Cal will arrive his = possessive;
Not = adverb;
On time = prepositional phrase
There was a hounted house.
(There's a haunted house.) House was there = adverb;
Haunted = participle;
A = article
Running may be hard for overweight people.
(Running may be difficult for people who are overweight.) Running may be running = gerund;
Hard = adjective;
For overweight people = prepositional phrase
To travel is a bad idea.
(Traveling is a bad idea.) To travel is to travel = infinitive;
Is = linking verb;
A bad idea = subject complement
Verb
Verb (verb) is a word that serves to indicate the action of the subject, indicating the event or state. Verb is one of eight part of speech.
English verbs are not always simple (one word), but may be phrases combination with particle into phrasal verb (get in, make up, read over).
Kinds and Sample Verbs
Some kinds and examples of verbs are as follows.
Transitive and Intransitive: Transitive followed by direct object (eg sentence: The boy kicked the ball), while intransitive does not (example sentence: Cheryl often sneezes while cleaning).
Regular and Irregular: In the regular form, past tense and participle are obtained by adding suffix-ed to base form while on irregular, the way is more varied.
Action and Stative: Action (eat, play) states that something happens, whereas stative (love, need) states a condition that tends to remain.
Finite and Non-Finite: Finite is influenced by tense and subject-verb agreement, while non-finite is not.
Linking Verb: connect the subject of a sentence with its description (example sentence: She is young and beautiful).
Causative: Verb to indicate that the subject is not directly responsible for the action (eg: I had my house renovated last week).
COMPLEMENT
Usually a noun (noun) or noun phrase (noun phrase)
Usually present after the verb in the active sentence
Complement answer questions what (what) or who (whom)
example:
Kuntomo bought a cake yesterday
What did Kuntomo buy yesterday? -> a cake.
He saw Tony at the movie
Whom did he see at the movie? -> Tony
I explain pharmacology to my students
What do I explain to my students? -> pharmacology
MODIFIER
Modifier describes time (time), place (place), or manner (manner) of an action or deed
The most common form of modifier is the prepositional phrase (a group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with a noun
Preposition = on, out, under, behind, etc ...
Modifier answers the question when (where), where (where), or how (how)
Example:
Nita bought a book at a book fair
Where did Nita buy a book? -> at a book fair
She is driving very fast
How is she driving? -> very fast
I posted my application yesterday
When do I post my application? -> yesterday
So, like this Subject, Verb, Complement and Modifier elements in sentence example:
We studied grammar last week.
S V C M
Question:
George cooks dinner
Henry and Marcia have visited the president
We had lunch at this restaurant today
Pat had to buy gasoline yesterday
Trees grow
It was raining at seven this morning
He opened the book
Harry washes the dishes now
He opened the book
Paul, William, and Marry were watching television a few minutes ago.
Answer:
George / is cooking / dinner / night
(Subject) (verb phrase) (complementary) (time changer)
Henry and Marcia / have visited / president
(Subject) (verb phrase) (complementary)
We / ate / lunch / at this restaurant / day
(Dependent) (verb phrase) (complementary) (place modifier) (pen)
Simple subject is a single noun or pronoun, to the exclusion of its modifier (s). While simple predicate form of verb or compound verb single.
Example Sentence Simple Subject Simple Predicate Description
His new car tax has already been paid by his assistant.
(The new car tax he has paid for by his assistant.) Tax has been paid his new car = (pre) modifier
By his assistant = prepositional phrase
(The country's very large boarding university was built in 1981.) University was built the very big boarding = (pre) modifier;
In this country = (post) modifier;
In 1981 = prepositional phrase
Open the door!
(Open the door!) "You" open In the imperative sentence, the subject is not written because it is considered to be sufficiently understood;
Door = direct object
His Uncle Cal will not arrive on time.
(Uncle Cal will not arrive on time.) Uncle Cal will arrive his = possessive;
Not = adverb;
On time = prepositional phrase
There was a hounted house.
(There's a haunted house.) House was there = adverb;
Haunted = participle;
A = article
Running may be hard for overweight people.
(Running may be difficult for people who are overweight.) Running may be running = gerund;
Hard = adjective;
For overweight people = prepositional phrase
To travel is a bad idea.
(Traveling is a bad idea.) To travel is to travel = infinitive;
Is = linking verb;
A bad idea = subject complement
Verb
Verb (verb) is a word that serves to indicate the action of the subject, indicating the event or state. Verb is one of eight part of speech.
English verbs are not always simple (one word), but may be phrases combination with particle into phrasal verb (get in, make up, read over).
Kinds and Sample Verbs
Some kinds and examples of verbs are as follows.
Transitive and Intransitive: Transitive followed by direct object (eg sentence: The boy kicked the ball), while intransitive does not (example sentence: Cheryl often sneezes while cleaning).
Regular and Irregular: In the regular form, past tense and participle are obtained by adding suffix-ed to base form while on irregular, the way is more varied.
Action and Stative: Action (eat, play) states that something happens, whereas stative (love, need) states a condition that tends to remain.
Finite and Non-Finite: Finite is influenced by tense and subject-verb agreement, while non-finite is not.
Linking Verb: connect the subject of a sentence with its description (example sentence: She is young and beautiful).
Causative: Verb to indicate that the subject is not directly responsible for the action (eg: I had my house renovated last week).
COMPLEMENT
Usually a noun (noun) or noun phrase (noun phrase)
Usually present after the verb in the active sentence
Complement answer questions what (what) or who (whom)
example:
Kuntomo bought a cake yesterday
What did Kuntomo buy yesterday? -> a cake.
He saw Tony at the movie
Whom did he see at the movie? -> Tony
I explain pharmacology to my students
What do I explain to my students? -> pharmacology
MODIFIER
Modifier describes time (time), place (place), or manner (manner) of an action or deed
The most common form of modifier is the prepositional phrase (a group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with a noun
Preposition = on, out, under, behind, etc ...
Modifier answers the question when (where), where (where), or how (how)
Example:
Nita bought a book at a book fair
Where did Nita buy a book? -> at a book fair
She is driving very fast
How is she driving? -> very fast
I posted my application yesterday
When do I post my application? -> yesterday
So, like this Subject, Verb, Complement and Modifier elements in sentence example:
We studied grammar last week.
S V C M
Question:
George cooks dinner
Henry and Marcia have visited the president
We had lunch at this restaurant today
Pat had to buy gasoline yesterday
Trees grow
It was raining at seven this morning
He opened the book
Harry washes the dishes now
He opened the book
Paul, William, and Marry were watching television a few minutes ago.
Answer:
George / is cooking / dinner / night
(Subject) (verb phrase) (complementary) (time changer)
Henry and Marcia / have visited / president
(Subject) (verb phrase) (complementary)
We / ate / lunch / at this restaurant / day
(Dependent) (verb phrase) (complementary) (place modifier) (pen)
;;
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