Rabu, 31 Mei 2017

Verb as Complement

0 komentar Diposting oleh Unknown di 00.54


5.Verb as Complement
What are Gerunds?
A gerund is a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a noun that names an activity rather than a person or thing. Any action verb can be made into a gerund.
Spelling Tip
Verbing (Present Participle)
  • Add ing to most verbs. Ex. play > playing, cry > crying, bark > barking
  • For verbs that end in e, remove the e and add ing. Ex: slide > sliding, ride > riding
  • For verbs that end in ie, change the ie to y and add ing. Ex: die > dying, tie > tying
  • For a verb whose last syllable is written with a consonant-vowel-consonant and is stressed, double the last letter before adding ing. Ex: beg > begging, begin > beginning. However: enter > entering (last syllable is not stressed)
Gerund Examples
Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject:
  1. Jogging is a hobby of mine.
Gerunds can act as an object following the verb:
  1. Daniel quit smoking a year ago.
Gerunds can serve as an object after a preposition:
  1. I look forward to helping you paint the house.
Note: The same spelling rules that apply to the progressive tenses also apply to gerunds.
Some verbs and verb phrases are directly followed a gerund:
  1. Paul avoids using chemicals on the vegetables he grows.
Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive without causing a change in meaning:
  1. Some people prefer getting up early in the morning.
  2. Some people prefer to get up early in the morning
Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive but with a change in meaning:
  1. He remembered sending the fax. (He remembered the act of send the fax)
  2. He remembered to send the fax. (He remembered the fax and sent it.)
What are Infinitives?
An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence. It is formed with to + base form of the verb. Ex: to buy, to work.
Infinitive Examples
Infinitives can be used as:
an object following the verb:
  1. Jim always forgets to eat
a subject at the beginning of a sentence:
  1. To travel around the world requires a lot of time and money.
an adverb modifying a verb:
  1. You promised to buy me a diamond ring.
an adjective modifying a noun:
  1. Tara has the ability to succeed.
Some verbs are directly followed by an infinitive:
  1. Do you want to call your family now?
Some verbs are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an infinitive:
  1. I convinced Catherine to become vegetarian.
  2. He advised me to sell all my shares of stock.
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund without causing a change in meaning:
  1. Will you continue working after you give birth?
  2. Will you continue to work after you give birth?
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund but with a change in meaning:
  1. He stopped drinking coffee. (He never drank coffee again.)
  2. He stopped to drink coffee. (He stopped what he was doing and drank some coffee.)
Sumber : http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs/gerunds-and-infinitives/

 

pronouns

0 komentar Diposting oleh Unknown di 00.52


4. Pronouns

Dikutip dari Frank (1975:20) pronoun is a word standing for a noun. The function is to avoid the monotounous repetition of word.
Maksudnya pronoun adalah sebuah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan sebuah kata benda (noun). Nah, pronoun ini digunakan ketika kita ingin menghilangkan pengulangan kata yang sifatnya monoton.
Sesuai dengan penggunaannya tadi, pronoun dapat menggantikan kata benda (noun) seperti; manusia/orang, hewan, benda-benda, tempat, dan lain sebagainya.

 Jenis Pronoun Beserta Contoh Kalimatnya

Dikutip dari buku yang pernah admin baca, Greenbaum and  Nelson (2002: 98, 99), kita dapat menemukan 8 jenis pronouns dalam bahasa Inggris. Apakah sahabat sudah mengetahuinya?
Berikut ini adalah “8 kinds of pronouns” menurut Greenbaum dan Nelson:
  1. Personal Pronouns
  2. Possesive pronouns
  3. Reflexive pronouns
  4. Demonstrative pronouns
  5. Reciprocal pronouns
  6. Interogative Pronouns
  7. Relative Pronouns
  8. Indefinite Pronoun
Bagaimana? Sudah ingat bukan jenis dan macam dari pronounnya? Oke, jika sahabat sudah dapat mengingatnya, mari kita bahas jenisnya satu persatu. Let’s start!

1. Personal Pronouns
Pronouns yang pertama ini digunakan ketika kita ingin menunjukkan:
  1. Si pembicara, biasa juga kita kenal dengan istilah ‘orang pertama’ atau ‘first person’. Ada dua bentuk utama untuk first person, yaitu; singular dan plural. Singular nya adalah I yang berarti saya dan di tulis menggunakan huruf kapital. Sedangkan bentuk plural nya adalah we yang digunakan ketika si pembicara lebih dari 1 orang.
  2. Orang pertama berbicara kepada orang lain, atau sering disebut second person. Bentuk singular dan plural nya sama, yaitu; YOU
  3. Yang terakhir adalah orang ketiga, teridri dari SHE (bentuk tunggal untuk wanita), HE (bentuk tunggal untuk pria), dan IT (untuk benda). Sedangkan bentuk jamaknya adalah THEY (untuk benda hidup maupun mati).
Contoh kalimatnya:
Subject Pronouns
  • I like eating
  • We went to theatre
  • You are the students
  • You are so beautiful
  • He is handsome
  • She is clever
  • It  is net
  • They are drinking water
Object Pronouns
  • He loves me
  • Mr. Adian picks us up on time
  • She trusted you all
  • He gives you a flower
  • Everyone likes him
  • They leave her alone
  • I bring It
  • She makes them happy

2. Possesive pronouns
Possesive pronouns tidak hanya bisa digunakan untuk menggantikan possesive noun tetapi juga dapat kita gunakan untuk menggantikan possesive adjective.
Kita tidak perlu meletakkan kata benda (noun) sebelum possesive pronouns, namun kita dapat menggunakan kata of sebelum possesive pronouns nya. Contoh:
  1. The students of the school
  2. The car of the police
Tanda petik di tambah s (‘s) digunakan ketika kita ingin menunjukkan suatu kepemilikan. Contoh:
  1. My father’s new office is at the fifth floor.
  2. The horse’s tail is very long.
  • This is my book
  • This is her pen
  • That is your chair
  • It is our house
  • It is their car
Plural
  • These are our books
  • These are their pencils
  • Those are your chairs
  • They are our houses
  • They are their cars
Contoh Kalimat Possessive Pronouns
Singular
  • This pen is mine
  • This pencil is his
  • This book is hers
  • That house is yours
  • This novel is ours
Plural
  • These pens are ours
  • These pencils are theirs
  • These books are theirs
  • Those houses are yours
  • These novels are ours
3. Reflexive  Pronouns
Reflexive  pronouns adalah pronoun yang digunakan ketika kita ingin menunjukkan orang/benda yang sama dalam sebuah kalimat bahasa Inggris. Dengan pronoun ini maka kegiatan yang dilakukan akan menunjuk balik kepada orangnya. Bingung? Langsung aja deh, lihat tabelnya berikut ini:
Reflexive pronouns mempunyai 2 fungsi utama, yaitu:
1. Menggantikan subjek yang sama dalam sebuah kalimat. Baik orang ataupun benda. Contoh:
  • They behaved themselves for a change.
  • You will hurt yourself.
2. Memberikan tekanan kepada noun phrase. Contoh kalimatnya:
  • She herself spoke to me.
  • He wrote to me himself.
  • Anto appealed to the captain himself.
Untuk mempermudah sahabat dalam menggunakan reflexive pronouns, berikut ini kami berikan beberapa kata yang sering digunakan bersama dengan reflexive pronouns! Let’s check it out!
  • Amuse
  • Cut
  • Enjoy
  • Dry
  • Blame
  • Hurt
  • Introduce
  • Pride
Contoh kalimat
My sister cut herself with the sharpest knife
I enjoyed myself at the party last night.

 

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